Can the meaning of life arise from acting out of “reasons of love” and engaging with loving worthy objects (Wolf)? Meaning in life and why it matters, one of American philosopher Susan Wolf’s major works, discusses what it means for a life to be meaningful and proposes her structure for it—the Fitting Fulfillment View. This paper begins with a reconstruction of Wolf’s Fitting Fulfillment View. The remainder of the paper focuses on how an additional Positive Response component is required for the Fitting Fulfillment View to be sufficient, while considering objections to times when there is no response, and whether this amended view is too dependent on the evaluation of others. Thus, Wolf’s Fitting Fulfillment View is not sufficient for meaning to arise, as individuals’ subjective preferences can conflict with objective attractiveness.
Anna Lu
April 09, 2026
As people become more aware of rising greenhouse gas emissions and animal habitat loss caused by global warming, another serious issue is overlooked: the release of unknown pathogens hidden within the Antarctic’s melting ice core. The Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) is Antarctica’s largest ice shelf. Located in west Antarctica, the RIS makes up about 30 percent of the continent’s total ice shelf area, and is about as large as the country of France. Crucially, it acts as a “key regulator” of local and regional marine life, and global carbon and nutrient cycles.
Ranqi Xiong
April 09, 2026
“It’s time to go…” A strange voice echoed inside Timoi’s mind. “Go there… find it… You could win!” A drop of sweat rolled down Timoi’s face, his eyebrows furrowed tightly as he tossed and turned in his sleep. “Your dream is just a joke! But you still need to go to the-” Suddenly, Timoi jolted awake. His back was soaked with sweat. Gross. “What in the world…?” he muttered, yawning. “Did I get another headache? Ugh, it’s worse than before… maybe because of the-”
Siyang Gu
March 06, 2026
The pursuit of green development has become a central pillar of urban planning in the 21st century as cities confront environmental challenges. Green growth, which "describes paths of economic growth that are environmentally sustainable," is often viewed as universally beneficial. However, it can produce unintended consequences when a city's planning of green development overlooks certain social demographics. In particular, low-income urban populations may be at the expense of such development, bearing disproportionate costs when green policies are implemented without adequate support.
Siyi Lu
March 06, 2026
In 1882, Thomas Edison opened the world’s first commercial power plant, introducing electric energy to the masses. Fast forward to the present day, where electric networks have evolved beyond the local blocks and expanded into transcontinental networks, providing a common resource but unintentionally turning technological advancement into a 21st-century geopolitical imperative. In 2001, for example, former Soviet Union countries Belarus, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania synchronized their power systems under Moscow’s control to create the BRELL energy grid, relying on Soviet-era infrastructure to unify regional energy transmission; however, only three years after the establishment of the grid, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU), a final step towards European integration. As the only remaining link to Russia, the three Baltic states viewed energy centralization as a vulnerability. Plans for Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to decouple from the Russian power grid gained momentum following Crimea’s annexation in 2014, accelerating with Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The three Baltic countries joined the EU power grid with a full disconnect from Russian-controlled power in February 2025. Reflecting an overall decrease in dependence on Russian energy, the state’s international influence has diminished while NATO’s sphere of influence has expanded into Eastern Europe. The Baltic’s disconnect is not only a technical transition but also a pivotal moment in the struggle over governance of a common resource—energy.
Diana Zhang
November 28, 2025
Since January 1, 2025, the UK government has imposed a 20 percent Value Added Tax (VAT) on private school fees, while abolishing their charitable tax relief (HM Revenue & Customs 2024). This move aims to raise approximately £1.6 billion annually to invest in public education, with a particular focus on improving resources for disadvantaged students (Sibieta 2023). This policy stems from growing concerns about persistent educational inequalities in the UK, where private schools—attended by only 7 percent of students—have historically dominated access to elite universities and high-status careers (Sibieta 2023).
Nicolas Fu
October 29, 2025
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